Redefining the epidemiology of cardiac amyloidosis. A systematic review and meta-analysis of screening studies

Aims: An algorithm for non-invasive diagnosis of amyloid transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA) and novel disease-modifying therapies have prompted an active search for CA. We examined the prevalence of CA in different settings based on literature data. Methods and results: We performed a systematic search for screening studies on CA, focusing on the prevalence, sex and age distribution in different clinical settings. The prevalence of CA in different settings was as follows: bone scintigraphy for non-cardiac reasons (n = 5 studies), 1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0%–1%); heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (n = 6), 12% (95% CI 6%–20%); heart failure with reduced or mildly reduced ejection fraction (n = 2), 10% (95% CI 6%–15%); conduction disorders warranting pacemaker implantation (n = 1), 2% (95% CI 0%–4%); surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome (n = 3), 7% (95% CI 5%–10%); hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype (n = 2), 7% (95% CI 5%–9%); severe aortic stenosis (n = 7), 8% (95% CI 5%–13%); autopsy series of ‘unselected’ elderly individuals (n = 4), 21% (95% CI 7%–39%). The average age of CA patients in the different settings ranged from 74 to 90 years, and the percentage of men from 50% to 100%. Many patients had ATTR-CA, but the average percentage of patients with amyloid light-chain (AL) CA was up to 18%. Conclusions: Searching for CA in specific settings allows to identify a relatively high number of cases who may be eligible for treatment if the diagnosis is unequivocal. ATTR-CA accounts for many cases of CA across the different settings, but AL-CA is not infrequent. Median age at diagnosis falls in the eighth or ninth decades, and many patients diagnosed with CA are women.