Interspecies differences in mitochondria: Implications for cardiac and vascular translational research

Mitochondria are essential organelles that regulate cellular energy metabolism, redox balance, and signaling pathways related to proliferation, aging and survival. So far, significant interspecies differences exist in mitochondrial structure, function, and dynamics, which have critical implications for cardiovascular physiology and pharmacology. This review explores the main differences in mitochondrial properties across species of animals that are commonly used for translational research, emphasizing their cardiac and vascular relevance. By addressing key interspecies differences, including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation, bioenergetic profile, oxidative stress response, epigenetic regulation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and adaptive mechanisms, we aim to provide insights into the challenges and opportunities in translating preclinical findings to clinical applications. Understanding these interspecies differences is essential for optimizing the design and interpretation of preclinical studies and for developing effective mitochondrial-targeted therapies.