iPSC-Derived Endothelial Cells as Experimental Models for Predictive and Personalized Strategies in Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease

Endothelial cells (ECs) regulate vascular homeostasis, and their dysfunction is a key driver of many cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells (hiPSC-ECs) provide access to patient-specific vascular cells that can be directed toward arterial, venous, or organotypic phenotypes, enabling personalized in vitro modeling of endothelial pathology. In this review, we discuss how patient-specific iPSC-ECs are used as predictive and personalized two- and three-dimensional models to dissect disease mechanisms and prioritize targeted therapies. We highlight some limitations of this methodology and outline future directions for integrating iPSC-EC-based assays into individualized treatment algorithms.